ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

ADVERSE REACTIONS. CAUTION: Fatalities due to severe hypotension, hypoglycemia, acute pancreatitis and cardiac arrhythmias have been reported in patients treated with pentamidine isethionate, both by the IM and IV routes. Nephrotoxic events (increased creatinine, impaired renal function, azotemia, and renal failure) are common with the parenteral administration of pentamidine isethionate. The administration of the drug should, therefore, be limited to the patients in whom Pneumocystis carinii has been demonstrated.The most frequently reported spontaneous adverse events (1 to 30%) reported in clinical trials, regardless of their relation to pentamidine isethionate therapy were as follows (n=424): Cardiovascular: Hypotension 5.0% Gastrointestinal: Anorexia/Nausea 5.9% Hematologic: Anemia 1.2% Leukopenia 10.4% Thrombocytopenia 2.6% Hepatic: Elevated liver function tests 8.7% Metabolic: Hypoglycemia 5.9% Neurologic: Confusion/hallucinations 1.7% Skin: Sterile abscess and/or necrosis, pain, or induration at the site of IM injection 11.1% Rash 3.3% Special Senses: Bad taste 1.7% Urogenital: Azotemia 8.5% Elevated serum creatinine 23.6% Elevated blood urea nitrogen 6.6% Impaired renal function 28.8% Adverse events with frequency of less than 1% incidence were as follows (No causal relationship to treatment has been established for these adverse events): Body as whole: Allergic reaction (i.e. urticaria, itching, rash), anaphylaxis, arthralgia, chills, extrapulmonary pneumocystosis, headache, night sweats, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Cardiovascular: Abnormal ST segment of electrocardiogram, cardiac arrhythmias, cerebrovascular accident, hypertension, palpitations, phlebitis, syncope, tachycardia, vasodilatation, vasculitis and ventricular tachycardia. Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, hematochezia, hypersalivation, melena, pancreatitis, splenomegaly, and vomiting. Hematological: Defibrination, eosinophilia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, and prolonged clotting time. Hepatic: Hepatic dysfunction, hepatitis and hepatomegaly Metabolic: Hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia. Neurological: Anxiety, confusion, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, emotional lability, hypesthesia, insomnia, memory loss, neuropathy, nervousness, neuralgia, paranoia, paresthesia, peripheral neuropathy, seizure, tremors, unsteady gait, and vertigo. Respiratory system: Asthma, bronchitis, bronchospasm, chest congestion, chest tightness, coryza, cyanosis, eosinophilic or interstitial pneumonitis, gagging, hemoptysis, hyperventilation, laryngitis, laryngospasm, non-specific lung disorder, nasal congestion, pleuritis, pneumothorax, rales, rhinitis, shortness of breath, and tachypnea. Skin: Desquamation, dry and breaking hair, dry skin, erythema, dermatitis, pruritus, rash, and urticaria. Special senses: Blepharitis, blurred vision, conjunctivitis, contact lens discomfort, eye pain or discomfort, loss of hearing, loss of taste, and loss of smell. Urogenital: Flank pain, hematuria, incontinence, nephritis, renal dysfunction and renal failure. From post-marketing clinical experience with pentamidine isethionate, the following adverse events have been reported: cough, diabetes mellitus/ketoacidosis, dyspnea, infiltration (extravasation-see WARNINGS), and torsades de pointes.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. Pentamidine isethionate, an aromatic diamidine, is known to have activity against Pneumocystis carinii. The mode of action of pentamidine is not fully understood. In vitro studies indicate that the drug interferes with protozoal nuclear metabolism by inhibition of DNA, RNA, phospholipid and protein synthesis.. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetic parameters following the administration of mg/kg pentamidine isethionate as single two-hour intravenous infusion or after single intramuscular injection to 12 patients with AIDS are presented in the following table: Mean +- SD Cmax ng/mL Clearance L/h Half-life hours Vdss Concentration ng/mL hour 24 hour hour I.V. infusion mg/kg (N=6) 612 +- 371 248 +- 91 6.4 +- 1.3 821 +- 535 19.3 +- 16.9 2.9 +- 1.4 I.M. mg/kg (N=6) 209 +- 48 305 +- 81 9.4 +- 2.0 2724 +- 1066 22.9 +- 8.0 6.6 +- 3.5 In seven patients treated with daily IM doses of pentamidine at mg/kg for 10 to 12 days, plasma concentrations were between 300 to 500 ng/mL. The concentrations did not appreciably change with time after injection or from day to day. Higher plasma concentrations were encountered in patients with an elevated blood urea nitrogen. The patients continued to excrete decreasing amounts of pentamidine in urine up to to weeks after cessation of the treatment.Following multiple intravenous administration of pentamidine isethionate (3.7 to mg/kg/day infused over hours) to patients with AIDS being treated for PCP, the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained on Days 1, and are summarized in the following table: Mean +- SD Cmax ng/mL Cmin ng/mL Clearance mL/min Renal Clearance mL/min/1.73 m2 Creatinine Clearance mL/min/1.73 m2 Day 175.3 +- 54 --- 5737 +- 1878 269 +- 149 97 +- 12 Day 210.9 +- 80 17.6 +- 9.5 3350 +- 1944 214 +- 145 93 +- 17 Day 256.7 +- 89 40.8 +- 16.1 1989 +- 566 134 +- 60 69 +- 17 derived from LidmanCompared to the mean AUC on Day 1, AUC on Day and Day were about and fold higher, respectively, suggesting that steady state was not achieved by Day of dosing.In other published reports of pharmacokinetics of pentamidine following daily intravenous doses of to mg/kg/day, clearance ranged from 30 to 40 mL/min/kg and Vdss ranged from 200 to 400 L/kg. Reported values for terminal half-lives of 2.8 to 12 days is suggestive of deep peripheral compartment. In the urine, up to 12% of the administered dose has been recovered during dosing interval as unchanged pentamidine.Tissue distribution was studied in mice given single intraperitoneal injection of pentamidine at 10 mg/kg. The concentration was highest in the kidneys followed by the liver. In mice, pentamidine was excreted unchanged, primarily via the kidneys with some elimination in the feces. The ratio of amounts excreted in the urine and feces (4:1) was constant over the period of study.Tissue distribution has also been studied in normal and in renally impaired dogs (N 3 each) given 13 mg/kg of pentamidine IV, in doses separated by five weeks. The concentration of pentamidine was highest in the liver followed by kidneys and lungs. Pentamidine was concentrated in these organs approximately 70 to 1,000 times that of the peak serum concentration. Similar findings were reported in normal and in renally impaired dogs (N 2 each) given 97.5 mg/kg of pentamidine IV, in 15 daily doses. After repeated doses, the organs showed further to fold accumulation while serum concentrations remained unchanged.

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

DESCRIPTION. Pentamidine isethionate for injection, an anti-protozoal agent, is sterile, nonpyrogenic, lyophilized product. After reconstitution, it should be administered by intramuscular (IM) or intravenous (IV) routes (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Pentamidine isethionate is white crystalline powder soluble in water and glycerin, slightly soluble in alcohol and insoluble in ether, acetone, and chloroform. It is chemically designated as 4,4-(Pentane-1,5-diylbis(oxy)) dibenzimidamide bis(2-hydroxyethanesulfonate) with the following structural formula:Molecular Formula:C19H24N4O2. (C2H6O4S)2 Molecular Weight:592.68Each vial contains:Pentamidine isethionate USP . . . . . . 300 mg. Image.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. CAUTION: DO NOT USE SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION, USP FOR INITIAL RECONSTITUTION BECAUSE PRECIPITATION WILL OCCUR. Pentamidine isethionate should be administered IM or IV only. The recommended regimen for adults and pediatric patients beyond months of age is mg/kg once day for 14 to 21 days. Therapy for longer than 21 days with pentamidine isethionate has also been used but may be associated with increased toxicity.. Intramuscular Injection. The contents of one vial (300 mg) should be dissolved in mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP at 22 to 30C (72 to 86F). The calculated daily dose should then be withdrawn and administered by deep IM injection.. Intravenous Injection. The contents of one vial (300 mg) should first be dissolved in to mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP at 22 to 30C (72 to 86F). The calculated dose of pentamidine isethionate should then be withdrawn and diluted further in 50 to 250 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP.The diluted IV solutions containing pentamidine isethionate should be infused over period of 60 minutes.Aseptic technique should be employed in preparation of all solutions. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.. Stability. After reconstitution with sterile water, the pentamidine isethionate solution is stable for 48 hours in the original vial at room temperature if protected from light. To avoid crystallization, store at 22 to 30C (72 to 86F). Intravenous infusion solutions of pentamidine isethionate at mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL prepared in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP are stable at room temperature for up to 24 hours.Intravenous (IV) solutions of pentamidine isethionate have been shown to be incompatible with fluconazole and foscarnet sodium. IV solutions of pentamidine isethionate have been shown to be compatible with IV solutions of zidovudine (AZT) and diltiazem hydrochloride.

PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetic parameters following the administration of mg/kg pentamidine isethionate as single two-hour intravenous infusion or after single intramuscular injection to 12 patients with AIDS are presented in the following table: Mean +- SD Cmax ng/mL Clearance L/h Half-life hours Vdss Concentration ng/mL hour 24 hour hour I.V. infusion mg/kg (N=6) 612 +- 371 248 +- 91 6.4 +- 1.3 821 +- 535 19.3 +- 16.9 2.9 +- 1.4 I.M. mg/kg (N=6) 209 +- 48 305 +- 81 9.4 +- 2.0 2724 +- 1066 22.9 +- 8.0 6.6 +- 3.5 In seven patients treated with daily IM doses of pentamidine at mg/kg for 10 to 12 days, plasma concentrations were between 300 to 500 ng/mL. The concentrations did not appreciably change with time after injection or from day to day. Higher plasma concentrations were encountered in patients with an elevated blood urea nitrogen. The patients continued to excrete decreasing amounts of pentamidine in urine up to to weeks after cessation of the treatment.Following multiple intravenous administration of pentamidine isethionate (3.7 to mg/kg/day infused over hours) to patients with AIDS being treated for PCP, the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained on Days 1, and are summarized in the following table: Mean +- SD Cmax ng/mL Cmin ng/mL Clearance mL/min Renal Clearance mL/min/1.73 m2 Creatinine Clearance mL/min/1.73 m2 Day 175.3 +- 54 --- 5737 +- 1878 269 +- 149 97 +- 12 Day 210.9 +- 80 17.6 +- 9.5 3350 +- 1944 214 +- 145 93 +- 17 Day 256.7 +- 89 40.8 +- 16.1 1989 +- 566 134 +- 60 69 +- 17 derived from LidmanCompared to the mean AUC on Day 1, AUC on Day and Day were about and fold higher, respectively, suggesting that steady state was not achieved by Day of dosing.In other published reports of pharmacokinetics of pentamidine following daily intravenous doses of to mg/kg/day, clearance ranged from 30 to 40 mL/min/kg and Vdss ranged from 200 to 400 L/kg. Reported values for terminal half-lives of 2.8 to 12 days is suggestive of deep peripheral compartment. In the urine, up to 12% of the administered dose has been recovered during dosing interval as unchanged pentamidine.Tissue distribution was studied in mice given single intraperitoneal injection of pentamidine at 10 mg/kg. The concentration was highest in the kidneys followed by the liver. In mice, pentamidine was excreted unchanged, primarily via the kidneys with some elimination in the feces. The ratio of amounts excreted in the urine and feces (4:1) was constant over the period of study.Tissue distribution has also been studied in normal and in renally impaired dogs (N 3 each) given 13 mg/kg of pentamidine IV, in doses separated by five weeks. The concentration of pentamidine was highest in the liver followed by kidneys and lungs. Pentamidine was concentrated in these organs approximately 70 to 1,000 times that of the peak serum concentration. Similar findings were reported in normal and in renally impaired dogs (N 2 each) given 97.5 mg/kg of pentamidine IV, in 15 daily doses. After repeated doses, the organs showed further to fold accumulation while serum concentrations remained unchanged.

PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

PRECAUTIONS. General. Pentamidine isethionate should be used with caution in patients with hypertension, hypotension, ventricular tachycardia, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, pancreatitis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, hepatic or renal dysfunction and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.Patients may develop sudden, severe hypotension after single dose of pentamidine isethionate, whether given IV or IM. Therefore, patients receiving the drug should be lying down and the blood pressure should be monitored closely during administration of the drug and several times thereafter until the blood pressure is stable. Equipment for emergency resuscitation should be readily available. If pentamidine isethionate is administered IV, it should be infused over period of 60 to 120 minutes.Pentamidine isethionate-induced hypoglycemia has been associated with pancreatic islet cell necrosis and inappropriately high plasma insulin concentrations. Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, with or without preceding hypoglycemia, have also occurred, sometimes several months after therapy with pentamidine isethionate. Therefore, blood glucose levels should be monitored daily during therapy with pentamidine isethionate, and several times thereafter.. Renal and Hepatic Impairment. The efficacy or safety of alternative pentamidine isethionate dosing protocols has not been established for patients with impaired renal or hepatic function.. Laboratory Tests. The following tests should be carried out before, during and after therapy:Daily blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine determinations.Daily blood glucose determinations.Complete blood count and platelet count.Liver function test, including serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, AST (SGOT), and ALT (SGPT).Serum calcium determinations.Electrocardiograms.. Daily blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine determinations.. Daily blood glucose determinations.. Complete blood count and platelet count.. Liver function test, including serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, AST (SGOT), and ALT (SGPT).. Serum calcium determinations.. Electrocardiograms.. Drug Interactions. No drug interaction studies with pentamidine isethionate have been conducted.Because the nephrotoxic effects may be additive, the concomitant or sequential use of pentamidine isethionate and other nephrotoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, cisplatin, foscarnet, or vancomycin should be closely monitored and avoided, if possible.. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility. No studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential of pentamidine isethionate as carcinogen, mutagen, or cause of impaired fertility.. Pregnancy. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with pentamidine isethionate. It is also not known whether pentamidine isethionate can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Pentamidine isethionate should not be given to pregnant woman unless the potential benefits are judged to outweigh the unknown risks.. Nursing Mothers. It is not known whether pentamidine isethionate is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from pentamidine isethionate, decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, pentamidine isethionate should not be given to nursing mother unless the potential benefits are judged to outweigh the unknown risks.. Pediatric Use. Intravenous and intramuscular pentamidine has been described as an effective treatment for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised pediatric patients beyond months of age. The efficacy and safety profiles in these pediatric patients were similar to those observed in adult patients (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and OVERDOSAGE).

WARNINGS SECTION.

WARNINGS. Fatalities due to severe hypotension, hypoglycemia, acute pancreatitis and cardiac arrhythmias have been reported in patients treated with pentamidine isethionate, both by the IM and IV routes. Severe hypotension may result after single IM or IV dose and is more likely with rapid IV administration (see PRECAUTIONS). The administration of the drug should, therefore, be limited to the patients in whom Pneumocystis carinii has been demonstrated. Patients should be closely monitored for the development of serious adverse reactions (see PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS).Extravasations have been reported which, in some instances, proceeded to ulceration, tissue necrosis and/or sloughing at the injection site. While not common, surgical debridement and skin grafting has been necessary in some of these cases; long-term sequelae have been reported. Prevention is the most effective means of limiting the severity of extravasation. The intravenous needle or catheter must be properly positioned and closely observed throughout the period of pentamidine isethionate administration. If extravasation occurs, the injection should be discontinued immediately and restarted in another vein. Because there are no known local treatment measures which have proven to be useful, management of the extravasation should be symptomatic.